Software

This week of study was very interesting, and we've studied very hard I think.. Even forgot to tell hi to everyone :D. Hi everybody in this post I would like to talk about the 3rd  week of study. We have studied a lot in these week, and the first thing what we learnt about Software.

-The intangible part of a computer.

-It tells what a computer supposed to carry out, and how to do it.

-It drives the hardware.

-A collection of computer programs together with the related data. 

Software divided in to three groups..

•System Software

•Application Software

•Programming Language

There are also Software Layers..

Application Layers-Uppermost software layer                                                                                     Operating System-OS receives order from the user via application program

Device Drivers-are very low level instructions to a device (e.g., the printer, or the hard drive)

System Software-The part that typically involved is the BIOS – Basic Input Output System. It provides a small library of basic input/output functions used to operate and control the peripheral devices. 

After discussed about these, we've talked about the operating systems. such as :

1. Stand-alone OS – a complete OS on a computer

                - DOS, Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux

2. Server OS – an OS that supports a network

                - Windows NT, UNIX, Linux, Solaris, NetWare

3. Embedded OS – built-in on a ROM chip mainly for mobile devices.

                - Windows CE, Palm OS, BlackBerry, Google Android

In session two we started study about Programming Language. Its A set of words, abbreviations, and symbols that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer. There are two types of programming language 1st low-level language 2nd high level language. And in the lecture we talked about the Third Generation language such as 

•       FORTAN                               C

•       COBOL                                 C++

•       BASIC                                   Java

•       Pascal                                    ActiveX

 Fourth Generation languages-Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are even easier to use than 3GLs. Also known as non-procedural languages. 

  

Fifth Generation languages-(5GLs) are an issue of debate in the programming community – some programmers cannot agree that they even exist. 

 After studying all those topics we also studied about HLL language, Compiling, Interpreting , Translation and Comparison. I this week I have learnt many many useful things, and I can say that this week of study was a bit difficult than other,, but anyway we enjoyed from classes ))) 

Computers

Hi everybody...
This week I'm studying Computers and Internet subject 2nd week and we have learn't many things. But mostly we studied about the things which we've already learnt in IT class. This week, everybody knows each other and lecturer also already has recognized everyone. First of all in this week we have studied about computers. Firstly in a lecture we talked about all types of computers:

Pre computers and Early Computers (before 1940's)

 Experts concluded that ancient civilizations had the ability to count and compute.

 Abacus – earliest recorded calculating device

First Generation (1940-1950) : Vacuum Tube

ENIAC [1945]: Designed by Mauchly & Echert, built by US army to calculate trajectories for ballistic shells during Worls War II. Around 18000 vacuum tubes and 1500 relays were used to build ENIAC, and it was programmed by manually setting switches

UNIVAC [1950]: the first commercial computer

Second Generation (1950-1964) : Transistors

William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor that reduce size of computers and improve reliability. Vacuum tubes have been replaced by transistors.

Third Generation (1964-1974) :: Integrated Circuits (IC)

Microprocessor chips combine thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one computer chip.

Fourth Generation (1974-Present) :: VLSI /ULSI

VLSI = Very Large-Scale Integration

ULSI = Ultra Large Scale Integration

Combines millions of transistors

Fifth Generation (now and the future)

Based on artificial intelligence - computers can think, reason and learn 

These were all types of all generation of computers until now, lecturer gave us very clear and understandable description of them. After that we learnt about the Architecture of Computers and Computer Processing power.

-Computer Architecture is the field of study of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that satisfy functional performance and cost goals. 

-When comparing computers, the power of the computer is important. It is determined by the speed and capacity (size) of each part of the computer.

Capacity is measured in bytes (B) where

1 byte = 8 bits (binary digits) = 1 character.

 After all those topics we skipped to very interesting topic which was very useful for us. Its named Catgeoris of computers. Computer has 6 categories which are called.

1. Embedded Computers

2. Mobile devices/computers

3. PC/Personal computers

4. Midrange servers

5. Mainframes

6. Supercomputers

 After that we have learnt about Computer Hardware basics such as input , output , storage , hard disks , flash memories , cloud storages , optical disks and other types of storage. The lecturer Mr. Azamuddin gave us very deep explanation about all those topics in this week he showed us interesting videos and explained every single thing of the topics. I'm very happy from what I've learnt this week and I believe this education will be very useful in my future career and life. 

 

Hardware and Software

Hi everybody , it's first week of study Computers and Internet class, and most of the things aren't new for us. In first week we mostly spent our time to recognize each others and we didn't study much , but I don't mean that we didn't study anything. There were plenty of things to study and I'm going to reflect about them now.  First we learnt what's computer. Computer is A programmable machine that carries out what it has been instructed to do. Basic operations that a computer can perform:

                                                                             •Input

                                                                             •Processing

            •Output

            •Storage

               Others :

            •Communication

We Studied about the Information processing cycle too. Information processing  cycle is

 •A computer converts data (from input) to become information (as output).

       •Processing requires a set of instructions, known as programs or software.

       •A computer holds data, instructions and information in storage for future use.

       •Data : a collection of unprocessed items such as text, numbers, images, audio and video.

       •Information : meaningful and useful facts to people.

We learnt about Computer Hardware and Software also. 

Computer Hardware 

•The electrical, electronic or mechanical parts of a computer.

•Includes:

–Input devices

–Output devices

–System unit

–Storage devices

–Communication devices 

Computer Software 

•Also known as a program – a series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose.

•It tells the computer what task to perform and how to do it.

•Includes:

–System software

–Application software

In class we studied about the numbers too there are 3 types of number systems which we studied this week and they are 

Binary Number system 

•It uses two numerals/ digits to form a string of numbers. They are 0 and 1. Known as BITS too.  

 Octal Number system

•It uses eight numerals to form a string of numbers. They are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. 

 Hexadecimal Number systems

•It uses sixteen symbols (numerals + letters) to form a string of numbers. They are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D and E. Also known as Hex.

And in the class we learnt how to convert numbers from each other to each others.  That's all what we've learnt in this week and first week of study was very interesting and meaningful. I really like the clas and we really learnt many useful things.